Kingdon's Multiple Streams Model Research Articles

Environmental Issues in Post-Conflict States and the Multiple Streams Model

In post-conflict states, environmental problems are often neglected regardless of their severity. According to UN data, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is one of the countries with the worst air pollution in the world, which has serious consequences for people's health and the economy. Given the importance of this issue, the paper investigates why it is not on the agenda of policymakers, by applying Kingdon's multiple streams model. The analysis leads to the conclusion that of the three streams (problem, policy, and politics), the politics stream remains the most problematic one. However, the author argues that Kingdon's original model is deficient in explaining why this problem is off the agenda, since it only includes domestic actors, while in the case of post-conflict BiH, as well as some other post-conflict countries, international actors play a significant role. In order to overcome this shortcoming, the model itself is enhanced by an insight into the role that international actors played in relation to this problem. It is concluded that the problems of environmental protection were largely ignored by international actors as well, primarily due to the nature of the liberal model of peacebuilding, that predominantly focused on building democratic institutions.

The formulation of Brazil's mineral policy: A multiple streams explanation

Kingdon's Multiple Streams Model is used in various political contexts, especially to understand agenda-setting processes in Europe and North America. Based on the elements that structure the Multiple Streams Model, this research analyzed the normative, contextual, and political factors that favored the insertion of the mining theme in the Brazilian government's agenda, contributing to the approval of changes in the legislation that regulates mineral policy. As for the problem stream, the results indicate that the discussion about changes in Brazil's mineral policy rekindled when the country was experiencing an economic crisis. The amendment found by the formulators was to update the legislation briefly (solutions stream). In the politics stream, the change in the presidency of the federal government is the factor that exerted the greatest influence for mining to return to the government agenda, finding fertile ground for the approval of changes in mineral policy.

Prevention of malnutrition among children under 5 years old in Iran: A policy analysis.

BackgroundMalnutrition is one of the main causes of death in children under 5 years of age and one of the most common factors threatening children’s life and health. Nutrition policy analysis and solving existing problems in children can reduce the effects of malnutrition. This study aimed to analyze the current policies of malnutrition prevention in children under five years of age in Iran.MethodThis study was conducted in 2017 to analyze policies using the "policy triangle framework". In order to examine the policy-making process, the Kingdon’s multiple streams model was used. A combination of two sampling methods, including purposeful and snowball sampling, was applied to select the interviewees. In relation to the implemented documents and policies, the country’s most important policies were selected based on the suggestions of policy makers as well as searching scientific databases and electronic portals. A data collection form was used to identify the current policies and documents and a semi-structured interview guide form was used for the interviews. The framework analysis and MaxQDA software were applied to analyze the data obtained from the interviews.ResultsThe key factors affecting policies in Iran included the status of indicators as well as economic, social, structural-legal, policy and international factors. Among the most important policies and implemented programs, the following can be mentioned: growth monitoring, oral rehydration, breastfeeding, immunization, female education, family spacing, food supplementation, nutrition for children under five years of age, and control of nutritional deficiencies. Currently there is a need for a nationwide program and comprehensive document in the field of the nutrition in children under 5 years of age, which requires strengthening of the political process. Participants and stakeholders in nutrition-related policies for children under the age of five were divided into four categories of governmental, semi-governmental, non-governmental, and international organizations.ConclusionMore attention should be paid to the shortage of some micronutrients, accurate implementation of breastfeeding programs, supplementary nutrition, fortification and supplementation programs for children and mothers, utilization of the advantages of each region and its resources, and better coordination between organizations and their policies, and finally strong incentives are needed to promote macro nutritional goals for children under five years of age.

Agenda setting analysis for maternal mortality reduction: exploring influential factors using Kingdon's Stream Model.

Maternal mortality is considered as unacceptable death. This study aimed to analyse the agenda setting process for maternal mortality reduction policies in nine successful countries in achieving Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG 5) using the Kingdon's multiple streams theory. This comparative study analysed the agenda setting process in nine successful countries which achieved MDG 5. The agenda setting analysed the use of the Kingdon's multiple streams model. To extract similarities and differences in the agenda setting process, the content analysis method, available documents and reports, and the comparative table were used. The initial attention to the problem of high rate of maternal mortality was different in the studied countries, but MDGs and the countries' official reports were the main driver. Political stability, political will, key person's contribution and legislation were considered influential factors strengthening political stream. International technical or financial support, regional and international conferences, national plans and enabling factors, which provide technical feasibility, were the most important factors influencing the policy stream. Enabling factors included approving regulations and legislation, increased quantity and quality of human resources, organizational structure, service delivery enhancement, infrastructure development, providing medicines and equipment, and strengthening health information system. The three streams: problem, policy and politics are not separate from each other. Political stability and commitment, having a national plan and benefiting from technical or financial support of international entities was a common feature among almost all the studied countries. The key actions leading to the opening of the window of opportunity were those actions that led to highlighting the problem.

[Primary health care reform in Portugal, 2005-2018: the future and challenges of coming of age].

In order to reform Portugal's primary health care (PHC), the Ministry of Health planned a change that was launched in 2005 and 2006, and which is still under way today. This article aims to analyze PHC reform in Portugal according to different phases in its development, using Kingdon's multiple streams model to reflect on the evolution in the reform process and its future, from the perspective of a process that seeks to achieve universal access to health. The working methodology was a document and case study with a qualitative approach and evaluative dimensions. The study was based on material on PHC in Portugal, published both in Portugal and elsewhere. Kingdon's multiple streams model was used to explain the actual and contextual development of policies implemented during the PHC reform. Three phases were identified in the reform, each lasting about five years. The first phase, starting in 2005, featured family health units with a voluntary basis. The second phase began in 2010, with the model's consolidation. In the third phase, since 2015 and still under way, the model came of age, benefiting from the end of the financial crisis but still suffering from its effects. The three reform cycles represent three distinct periods with consistency in the coalition that the policymaker was able to establish, in which the windows of opportunity for internally built change were heavily influenced by external factors. The article identifies the contribution by PHC reform to improvement of the Portuguese population's health status.

An Analysis of Agenda-setting Process to Appoint Library Professional as the Director of National Assembly Library: Based on the Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model

An Analysis of Agenda-setting Process to Appoint Library Professional as the Director of National Assembly Library: Based on the Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model

A study on Policy Change Process of the Prevention of Domestic Violence : An Application of Kingdon's Multiple Streams Model to the Formation of Police Initial Intervention Policy

A study on Policy Change Process of the Prevention of Domestic Violence : An Application of Kingdon's Multiple Streams Model to the Formation of Police Initial Intervention Policy

The Formation of Organ Donation Policy in Germany: Evidence, Politics and Public Opinion

The gap between the demand and supply of organs for transplantation is a worldwide phenomenon that continues to tax policy-makers. We consider recent policy reforms in Germany, drawing on evidence from Spain and Austria for comparison. Our analysis adopts Kingdon's multiple streams model which suggests that windows of opportunity for policy change open when an issue of public concern combines with a plausible solution and favorable political circumstances. Evidence is central to this process, but the type of evidence and the ways it is used, differ from technocratic formulations of evidence based policy-making. Scientific evidence may contribute to the rational appraisal of options, but this and other forms of evidence are also used rhetorically to generate political will and public support for change. We conclude by considering what the formation of organ donation policy in Germany reveals about the processes of policy-making under the competing imperatives of rationalism and democracy.

The Environmental Protection Agency Regulates Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Is Anyone Paying Attention?

AbstractThe promulgation of the Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Rule stands as the first step to developing a comprehensive national approach to climate change. However, what role, if any, did interest groups play in the development of this rule? This paper applies Kingdon's multiple streams model as a descriptive framework to analyze interview data for this rule to better understand interest group involvement across all the stages of the rule‐making process (rule development, notice and comment phase, and rule finalization). Our research suggests that interest groups were indeed influential throughout the process, but those involved during rule development were clearly at an advantage.

Tackling health inequalities in Norway: applying linear and non-linear models in the policy-making process

This article follows the Norwegian policy-making process on social inequalities in health applying models for policy development with focus on linear and non-linear movements. The focus is process-oriented following the introduction of a comprehensive, cross-sectoral strategy to tackle socioeconomic health inequalities in Norway. A case study design was selected and two theoretical frameworks have guided the research. Whitehead's model for health inequality intervention (2007) follows a linear theory-based logic, underpinning the idea that implicit or explicit theories or formulation of a distinct problem causally predicts design and outcome of policy programmes. The second approach is based on Kingdon's (2003) perception that policy-making often occurs unpredictably within independent streams of the policy formulation process. The model focuses on the non-linearity of the flow and timing of policy action. The present case suggests that both linear and non-linear models are necessary for understanding of the Norwegian policy-making process on social inequalities in health. Whitehead's model is a conceptual model focussing on the linear structure of the policy process, useful for identifying the different entry points for choice of direction in policy-making. Kingdon's multiple streams model is useful for gaining insight into the agenda-setting process that may be predictable, but may also be unpredictable and steer non-linear movements. The model identifies components necessary for a problem to rise on the political agenda with a particular focus on the role of policy entrepreneurs.

Understanding Agenda Setting in State Educational Policy: An Application of Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model to the Formation of State Reading Policy

Drawing on interview data from reading policy actors in California, Michigan, and Texas, this study applied Kingdon's (1984, 1995) multiple streams model to explain how the issue of reading became prominent on the agenda of state governments during the latter half of the 1990s. A combination of factors influenced the status of a state's reading policy agenda, including feedback from parents, teachers, and business groups; student achievement data; political pressure from the state administration; regional and national interest; a pervasive belief that reading is a building block for student success; and a widespread perception that the decline in reading achievement was symbolic of the failure of public schools. In addition, governors promoted reading to high agenda prominence by influencing which issues were placed on the decision agenda (agenda setting) and which alternatives were given serious attention (alternative specification). Finally, the findings suggest that the applicability of Kingdon's national-level model to the state level may depend on both the issue being examined and the participation of the state executive branch.

Agenda-setting and climate change

An agenda-setting perspective can help us understand current climate policy politics by identifying factors that will help the climate change issue rise and stay high on public and governmental agendas. Keeping climate change at the forefront of government decision agendas will be critical in the coming years because climate change is a long-term problem and governments are unlikely to ‘solve’ the climate crisis with one policy enacted at one point in time. Kingdon's multiple streams model of agenda-setting is used here to explore strategies for keeping the issue of climate change on agendas and moving it up the list of policy priorities.

ICT in Education Reform in Cambodia: Problems, Politics, and Policies Impacting Implementation

This article serves as a critique of an ICT in education reform in the nation of Cambodia. Although an ICT in education policy was adopted by the Cambodian Ministry of Education, tangible, quantifiable, and measured progress of this reform has, to date, been limited in nature. Hence, to understand the limitations of this reform, the author uses Kingdon's multiple streams model to investigate streams of policy, problems, and politics. This model allowed the author to explore existing data, events, and experiences in a robust manner. The current research is an analysis of policy papers, government documents, IGO briefs, personal experiences, and other nations' experiences with similar ICT in education reform movements. It was determined that failure to fully address the political stream has caused stress on the adoption process of this reform and has, in effect, slowed its progress.

Adolescent Homelessness, Nursing, and Public Health Policy

Homelessness among American adolescents is not a new phenomenon. The United States has a long history of youth who are runaways and/or homeless. The majority of adolescents who are homeless believe that they have no acceptable housing placement options. The foster care system often fails to help youth deal with problems. The impact of homelessness on youth's social functioning and health status should be raised at the community level, particularly by community nurses and other health professions who interact with adolescents who are homeless. By using Kingdon's multiple streams model, nurses can advocate for homeless youth by accurately defining and reframing adolescent homelessness for policy makers and including provision of shelter as a policy priority.

A Multiple Streams Model of U.S. Foreign Aid Policy

This study builds an interactive, quantitative model to explain U.S. foreign aid allocations. We develop an explanation based on Kingdon's multiple streams model to argue that aid decisions are the result of trade ties, socialist orientation, human needs, and the political ideologies of the administration and the senate interacting with adjustments to baseline funding. We find that there are significant conditional relationships between economic and security‐related assistance and our external and domestic variables with external variables generally being more important. The findings have implications for the study of public policy, the future of the foreign aid program, and theoretical attempts to develop more generalizable explanations of policy that encompass foreign and domestic issues.